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LPI 201-450 Exam Syllabus Topics:

Topic	Details
Capacity Planning
Measure and Troubleshoot Resource Usage	Weight: 6 Description: Candidates should be able to measure hardware resource and network bandwidth, identify and troubleshoot resource problems. Key Knowledge Areas: -Measure CPU usage -Measure memory usage -Measure disk I/O -Measure network I/O -Measure firewalling and routing throughput - Map client bandwidth usage -Match / correlate system symptoms with likely problems -Estimate throughput and identify bottlenecks in a system including networking The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities: -iostat -netstat -w -top -sar -processes blocked on I/O -blocks out -vmstat -pstree, ps -Isof -uptime - swap -blocks in
Predict Future Resource Needs	Weight: 2 Description: Candidates should be able to monitor resource usage to predict future resource needs. Key Knowledge Areas: -Use monitoring and measurement tools to monitor IT infrastructure usage. -Predict capacity break point of a configuration -Observe growth rate of capacity usage -Graph the trend of capacity usage -Awareness of monitoring solutions such as Icinga2, Nagios, collectd, MRTG and Cacti The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities: -diagnose -predict growth -resource exhaustion
Linux Kernel
Kernel Components	Weight: 2 Description: Candidates should be able to utilize kernel components that are necessary to specific hardware, hardware drivers, system resources and requirements. This objective includes implementing different types of kernel images, identifying stable and development kernels and patches, as well as using kernel modules. Key Knowledge Areas: -Kernel 2.6.x, 3.x and 4.x documentation Terms and Utilities: -/usr/src/linux/ -/usr/src/linux/Documentation/ -zImage -bzImage -xz compression
Compiling a kernel	Weight: 3 Description: Candidates should be able to properly configure a kernel to include or disable specific features of the Linux kernel as necessary. This objective includes compiling and recompiling the Linux kernel as needed, updating and noting changes in a new kernel, creating an initrd image and installing new kernels. Key Knowledge Areas: -/usr/src/linux/ -Kernel Makefiles -Kernel 2.6.x/3.x make targets -Customize the current kernel configuration. -Build a new kernel and appropriate kernel modules. -Install a new kernel and any modules. -Ensure that the boot manager can locate the new kernel and associated files. -Module configuration files -Use DKMS to compile kernel modules. -Awareness of dracut Terms and Utilities: -mkinitrd -mkinitramfs -make -make targets (all, config, xconfig, menuconfig, gconfig, oldconfig, mrproper, zImage, bzImage, modules, modules_install, rpm-pkg, binrpm-pkg, deb-pkg) -gzip -bzip2 -module tools -/usr/src/linux/.config -/lib/modules/kernel-version/ -depmod -dkms
Kernel runtime management and troubleshooting	Weight: 4 Description: Candidates should be able to manage and/or query a 2.6.x, 3.x or 4.x kernel and its loadable modules. Candidates should be able to identify and correct common boot and run time issues. Candidates should understand device detection and management using udev. This objective includes troubleshooting udev rules. Key Knowledge Areas: -Use command-line utilities to get information about the currently running kernel and kernel modules -Manually load and unload kernel modules -Determine when modules can be unloaded -Determine what parameters a module accepts -Configure the system to load modules by names other than their file name. -/proc filesystem -Content of /, /boot/ , and /lib/modules/ -Tools and utilities to analyze information about the available hardware -udev rules Terms and Utilities: -/lib/modules/kernel-version/modules.dep -module configuration files in /etc/ -/proc/sys/kernel/ -/sbin/depmod -/sbin/rmmod -/sbin/modinfo -/bin/dmesg -/sbin/lspci -/usr/bin/lsdev -/sbin/lsmod -/sbin/modprobe -/sbin/insmod -/bin/uname -/usr/bin/lsusb -/etc/sysctl.conf, /etc/sysctl.d/ -/sbin/sysctl -udevmonitor -udevadm monitor -/etc/udev/
System Startup
Customizing SysV-init system startup	Weight: 3 Description: Candidates should be able to query and modify the behaviour of system services at various targets / run levels. A thorough understanding of the systemd, SysV Init and the Linux boot process is required. This objective includes interacting with systemd targets and SysV init run levels. Key Knowledge Areas: -Systemd -SysV init -Linux Standard Base Specification (LSB) Terms and Utilities: -/usr/lib/systemd/ -/etc/systemd/ -/run/systemd/ -systemctl -systemd-delta -/etc/inittab -/etc/init.d/ -/etc/rc.d/ -chkconfig -update-rc.d -init and telinit
System Recovery	Weight: 4 Description: Candidates should be able to properly manipulate a Linux system during both the boot process and during recovery mode. This objective includes using both the init utility and init-related kernel options. Candidates should be able to determine the cause of errors in loading and usage of bootloaders. GRUB version 2 and GRUB Legacy are the bootloaders of interest. Both BIOS and UEFI systems are covered. Key Knowledge Areas: -BIOS and UEFI -NVMe booting -GRUB version 2 and Legacy -grub shell -boot loader start and hand off to kernel -kernel loading -hardware initialisation and setup -daemon/service initialisation and setup -Know the different boot loader install locations on a hard disk or removable device. -Overwrite standard boot loader options and using boot loader shells. -Use systemd rescue and emergency modes. Terms and Utilities: -mount -fsck -inittab, telinit and init with SysV init -The contents of /boot/, /boot/grub/ and /boot/efi/ -EFI System Partition (ESP) -GRUB -grub-install -efibootmgr -UEFI shell -initrd, initramfs -Master boot record -systemctl
Alternate Bootloaders	Weight: 2 Description: Candidates should be aware of other bootloaders and their major features. Key Knowledge Areas: -SYSLINUX, ISOLINUX, PXELINUX -Understanding of PXE for both BIOS and UEFI -Awareness of systemd-boot and U-Boot Terms and Utilities: -syslinux -extlinux -isolinux.bin -isolinux.cfg -isohdpfx.bin -efiboot.img -pxelinux.0 -pxelinux.cfg/ -uefi/shim.efi -uefi/grubx64.efi
Filesystem and Devices
Operating the Linux filesystem	Weight: 4 Description: Candidates should be able to properly configure and navigate the standard Linux filesystem. This objective includes configuring and mounting various filesystem types. Key Knowledge Areas: -The concept of the fstab configuration -Tools and utilities for handling swap partitions and files -Use of UUIDs for identifying and mounting file systems -Understanding of systemd mount units Terms and Utilities: -/etc/fstab -/etc/mtab -/proc/mounts -mount and umount -blkid -sync -swapon -swapoff
Maintaining a Linux filesystem	Weight: 3 Description: Candidates should be able to properly maintain a Linux filesystem using system utilities. This objective includes manipulating standard filesystems and monitoring SMART devices. Key Knowledge Areas: -Tools and utilities to manipulate and ext2, ext3 and ext4 -Tools and utilities to perform basic Btrfs operations, including subvolumes and snapshots -Tools and utilities to manipulate XFS -Awareness of ZFS Terms and Utilities: -mkfs (mkfs.) -mkswap -fsck (fsck.) -tune2fs, dumpe2fs and debugfs -btrfs, btrfs-convert -xfs_info, xfs_check, xfs_repair, xfsdump and xfsrestore -smartd, smartctl
Creating and configuring filesystem options	Weight: 2 Description: Candidates should be able to configure automount filesystems using AutoFS. This objective includes configuring automount for network and device filesystems. Also included is creating filesystems for devices such as CD-ROMs and a basic feature knowledge of encrypted filesystems. Key Knowledge Areas: -autofs configuration files -Understanding of automount units -UDF and ISO9660 tools and utilities -Awareness of other CD-ROM filesystems (HFS) -Awareness of CD-ROM filesystem extensions (Joliet, Rock Ridge, El Torito) -Basic feature knowledge of data encryption (dm-crypt / LUKS) Terms and Utilities: -/etc/auto.master -/etc/auto.[dir] -mkisofs -cryptsetup
Advanced Storage Device Administration
Configuring RAID	Weight: 3 Description: Candidates should be able to configure and implement software RAID. This objective includes using and configuring RAID 0, 1 and 5. Key Knowledge Areas: -Software raid configuration files and utilities Terms and Utilities: -mdadm.conf -mdadm -/proc/mdstat -partition type 0xFD
Adjusting Storage Device Access	Weight: 2 Description: Candidates should be able to configure kernel options to support various drives. This objective includes software tools to view & modify hard disk settings including iSCSI devices. Key Knowledge Areas: -Tools and utilities to configure DMA for IDE devices including ATAPI and SATA -Tools and utilities to configure Solid State Drives including AHCI and NVMe -Tools and utilities to manipulate or analyse system resources (e.g. interrupts) -Awareness of sdparm command and its uses -Tools and utilities for iSCSI -Awareness of SAN, including relevant protocols (AoE, FCoE) Terms and Utilities: -hdparm, sdparm -nvme -tune2fs -fstrim -sysctl -/dev/hd, /dev/sd, /dev/nvme* -iscsiadm, scsi_id, iscsid and iscsid.conf -WWID, WWN, LUN numbers
Logical Volume Manager	Weight: 3 Description: Candidates should be able to create and remove logical volumes, volume groups, and physical volumes. This objective includes snapshots and resizing logical volumes. Key Knowledge Areas: -Tools in the LVM suite -Resizing, renaming, creating, and removing logical volumes, volume groups, and physical volumes -Creating and maintaining snapshots -Activating volume groups Terms and Utilities: -/sbin/pv* -/sbin/lv* -/sbin/vg* -mount -/dev/mapper/ -lvm.conf
Network Configuration
Basic networking configuration	Weight: 3 Description: Candidates should be able to configure a network device to be able to connect to a local, wired or wireless, and a wide-area network. This objective includes being able to communicate between various subnets within a single network including both IPv4 and IPv6 networks. Key Knowledge Areas: -Utilities to configure and manipulate ethernet network interfaces -Configuring basic access to wireless networks Terms and Utilities: -ip -ifconfig -route -arp -iw -iwconfig -iwlist
Advanced Network Configuration and Troubleshooting	Weight: 4 Description: Candidates should be able to configure a network device to implement various network authentication schemes. This objective includes configuring a multi-homed network device and resolving communication problems. Key Knowledge Areas: -Utilities to manipulate routing tables -Utilities to configure and manipulate ethernet network interfaces -Utilities to analyze the status of the network devices -Utilities to monitor and analyze the TCP/IP traffic Terms and Utilities: -ip -ifconfig -route -arp -ss -netstat -lsof -ping, ping6 -nc -tcpdump -nmap
Troubleshooting Network Issues	Weight: 4 Description: Candidates should be able to identify and correct common network setup issues, to include knowledge of locations for basic configuration files and commands. Key Knowledge Areas: -Location and content of access restriction files -Utilities to configure and manipulate ethernet network interfaces -Utilities to manage routing tables -Utilities to list network states. -Utilities to gain information about the network configuration -Methods of information about the recognized and used hardware devices -System initialization files and their contents (SysV init process) -Awareness of NetworkManager and its impact on network configuration Terms and Utilities: -ip -ifconfig -route -ss -netstat -/etc/network/, /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ -ping, ping6 -traceroute, traceroute6 -mtr -hostname -System log files such as /var/log/syslog, /var/log/messages and the systemd journal -dmesg -/etc/resolv.conf -/etc/hosts -/etc/hostname, /etc/HOSTNAME - /etc/hosts.allow, /etc/hosts.deny
System Maintenance
Make and install programs from source	Weight: 2 Description: Candidates should be able to build and install an executable program from source. This objective includes being able to unpack a file of sources. Key Knowledge Areas: -Unpack source code using common compression and archive utilities - Understand basics of invoking make to compile programs -Apply parameters to a configure script -Know where sources are stored by default Terms and Utilities: -/usr/src/ -gunzip -gzip -bzip2 -xz -tar -configure -make -uname -install -patch
Backup operations	Weight: 3 Description: Candidates should be able to use system tools to back up important system data. Key Knowledge Areas: -Knowledge about directories that have to be include in backups -Awareness of network backup solutions such as Amanda, Bacula, Bareos and BackupPC -Knowledge of the benefits and drawbacks of tapes, CDR, disk or other backup media -Perform partial and manual backups. - Verify the integrity of backup files. -Partially or fully restore backups. Terms and Utilities: -/bin/sh -dd -tar -/dev/st* and /dev/nst* -mt -rsync
Notify users on system-related issues	Weight: 1 Description: Candidates should be able to notify the users about current issues related to the system. Key Knowledge Areas: -Automate communication with users through logon messages -Inform active users of system maintenance Terms and Utilities: -/etc/issue -/etc/issue.net -/etc/motd -wall -/sbin/shutdown -systemctl

Reference: https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/exam-201-objectives

Career Prospects

One of the main reasons why anyone goes for the LPI 201-450 exam is because they know that getting a particular certification will help them greatly in their careers. Once you pass this test, you will find it easier to land better jobs and earn over $80,000 per annum. Moreover, there are loads of companies out there looking for these certified individuals. Some of the positions that you can apply for with the LPIC-2 certificate are outlined below:

SQL Developer
Linux System Administrator
Information Technology Architect
Systems Engineer

The 201-450 exam, otherwise known as LPIC-2 Exam 201, is the first professional certification test in the multi-level program conducted by open-source support and global certification organization, Linux Professional Institute (LPI). The objective of this exam is to test the skills and knowledge of candidates to perform advanced system administration of small to medium-sized mixed networks. The array of topics tested is wide, varying, and usually random so, a lot of time will be needed to prepare for the 201-450 exam. But before you set the goal to get the LPIC-2 certification, that you can earn by passing 201-450 and 202-450 exams, you need to possess the LPIC-1 certificate.

Topics Measured by 201-450 Exam

This test consists of seven domains that are important for the candidate to understand before taking the main validation. Thus, the candidates should master and clear such concepts in the following areas:

System Maintenance.
Capacity Planning;
Filesystem and Devices;
Linux Kernel;
Advanced Storage Device Administration;
Network Configuration;
System Startup;

The first tested domain covers capacity planning. It deals with measuring and troubleshooting resource problems. In a nutshell, it includes the knowledge areas like measuring I/O for disks, I/O necessary for networks, firewalls as well as the throughput for routers, correlating symptoms with problems, and identifying bottlenecks in systems. You will also forecast possible resource necessities that include observing the growth rate of capacity usage, measuring methods to control the usage of the IT framework, and forecasting the breakpoint of configuration.

The second area focuses on system startup. It is a vast topic that includes the optimizing SysV-init startup for the system. The candidate must know how to thoroughly understand the system, Linux boot process, and SysV-init. In addition, you will learn how to interact with SysV-init run levels and systemd targets. You should also know about operating the systems during the recovery mode and boot process. The awareness of bootloaders and their essential features is important for the candidate to understand before taking the final exam.

The third objective involves filesystems and devices. It revolves around the operation of Linux filesystems and configuring different types of filesystem types. Here, you don't only come across the configuration of filesystems but also their maintenance, which is done by using the utilities. Moreover, the candidate must be able to configure automount filesystems by utilizing AutoFS. It includes creating the filesystem for devices like CD-ROM and information of the encrypted filesystems.

The fourth scope includes Linux Kernel. Within such a segment, you will come across the kernel components that comprise the implementation of various types of kernel images, development kernels, classifying patches, and utilizing the kernel modules. Furthermore, the knowledge of compiling a kernel and its management alongside troubleshooting plays an essential role in 201-450 test. The candidate should also have skills to recognize device detection and administration using the udev. Finally, this area focuses on troubleshooting udev rules and correcting the runtime issues.

The fifth part of the official exam covers network configuration. The candidate's knowledge about basic network configuration is tested here. Particularly, this includes the utilities to arrange and execute ethernet interfaces for networks and providing access to those networks that are wireless. Besides, you will also get to know how to recognize the common network issues and the location for the correct configuration of commands and files. Lastly, you should also know the configuration of the network device for applying several network schemes and determine the communication problems that occur in the network that is multi-homed.

The sixth domain is advanced storage device administration. While dealing with it, you will be learning about configuring RAID and implementing RAID software. You will also be tested upon the subtopics like adjusting storage devices and logical volume manager, which includes generating and eliminating the logical volumes, physical volumes, and volume groups. The candidate should also know software tools to modify and review hard disk settings.

The seventh and last tested topic emphasizes system maintenance. It details creating and installing programs from source. Thus, you will unload the source code by utilizing the compression archive efficacies. The candidate will also be tested on backup operations that include performing manual and partial backups, verifying the back & integrity files, the awareness of network backup solutions, and the drawbacks of tapes, disk, CDR, and other backup media. Moreover, you must have the skills to inform the users on system-related issues by communicating with the users.

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